核桃细菌性黑斑病杀菌剂筛选及药效研究

本文以黄单胞杆菌Xanthomonas campestris pv.juglandis(Pierce Dowson)为供试菌株,选用不同浓度的13种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定。结果表明:有10种药剂对该菌有一定的抑制效果,但只有5种杀菌剂能够产生明显的抑菌圈。其中,四霉素和链霉素的抑菌效果最强,最低抑菌浓度为0.165、3μg/mL,抑菌率为74.76%、69.23%,EC_(50)为12.764、35.318μg/mL。其他依次为乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素。选用这5种杀菌剂进行盆栽防治试验,四霉素和链霉素的平均防效达74.60%、71.69%,乙蒜素和中生菌素防效分别为65.98%、58.40%,春雷霉素防效最低为39.38%。其结果与室内基本一致。室内试验及盆栽试验结果表明四霉素、链霉素、乙蒜素、中生菌素和春雷霉素可作为防治核桃黑斑病的杀菌剂,其中四霉素为首选杀菌剂。     

Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas azotoformans,Serratia marcescens and Trichoderma virens against Fusarium wilt of Dalbergia sissoo

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani is a serious constraint to Dalbergia sissoo (shisham) plantations in northern India. In this study, the antagonistic potential of 40 bacterial isolates recovered from rhizophere soil of healthy shisham trees, and a well‐characterized Trichoderma species (Trichoderma virens) were tested for their possibility as biocontrol agents for F. solani. Two promising isolates (S1 and S15) were identified which inhibited pathogen growth, caused chitin degradation, produced siderophores and solubilized phosphate in vitro. Isolate S15 scored highest for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production while isolate S1 was a non‐HCN producer. These two isolates were identified as Serratia marcescens (S1) and Pseudomonas azotoformans (S15) following sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. In dual culture assays, T. virens caused 80% inhibition of mycelial growth of the test fungus. The three selected antagonists when tested in planta in the glasshouse completely suppressed production of wilt symptoms on 12‐month‐old shisham plants. Further work is needed to ascertain the potential of these isolates to be used as biocontrol agents to manage shisham wilt under field conditions.     

Effect of disinfection with peracetic acid on the microbial community of a seawater aquaculture recirculation system for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

When tropical shrimps are kept in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), one of the limiting factors is the maintenance of a sufficient water quality, and therefore, often disinfectants like peracetic acid (PAA) are added to the water either as prophylactic or treatment measure. In this study, PAA in concentrations of 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L was applied continuously for 56 days to small-scale seawater RAS stocked with Litopenaeus vannamei. Treatment with 0.1 mg/L did not result in a reduction in the total bacterial amount and therefore was not effective. A concentration of 10 mg/L led to significant changes in the chemical water parameters already after 2 days and was therefore not recommendable. A concentration of 1 mg/L led to increased levels of ammonia and nitrite within 2 days and to a significant increase in the bacterial amount in the water, most probably due to an enhanced growth of heterotrophic bacteria. The microflora showed significant fluctuations, and there were indications that the welfare of the shrimps was affected. Using 1 mg PAA/L for prophylactic use is therefore also not recommendable but might be an alternative option for short-term treatment in cases of disease outbreaks.     

核桃细菌性疫病菌特性及其与核桃内生菌的竞争作用

为了明确本实验室前期分离得到的一株核桃细菌性疫病菌Xaj DW3F3的相关特性及其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。对该病原细菌进行了显微观察、生物膜形成测定，不同培养基上多糖和色素含量，以及18项生理生化指标测定。通过毛细管法和滴落法观察其趋化作用，并测试其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。结果表明，病原菌DW3F3为杆状、极生鞭毛、有运动性并能形成生物膜。其在YPGA、King’B 和NA培养基上生长较好，产生多糖和色素较多。病原菌有较强的耐盐性，致死温度达60℃，对纤维素和淀粉都有较强的分解能力，对NaCl和寄主叶片表现出一定的趋性。在其与核桃叶部内生菌的共培养中表现出一定竞争优势。该病菌菌DW3F3有树生黄单胞菌核桃致病变种（Xanthomonas arboricola pv.juglandis，Xaj）的基本特征及致病相关特性，这些特征可能与其致病性强及病害难以控制有关。     

长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的抑制作用

为探明长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌的作用机理，采用对峙培养、显微观察、孢子萌发、室内防效测定等方法研究其抑制能力和防治效果。结果表明：长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌具有较强的抑制作用，对峙培养7 d时，长枝木霉T6菌株对该病菌的抑制率为60.09%；显微形态观察表明：长枝木霉T6菌株菌丝与美洲南瓜枯萎病菌菌丝发生缠绕；长枝木霉T6菌株发酵液对美洲南瓜枯萎病菌分生孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用，抑制率为31.00%；长枝木霉T6菌株对美洲南瓜枯萎病具有较好的防治效果，室内盆栽防效为69.06%。     

不同类型烟草种质的烟碱含量变化与相关基因表达水平

为研究不同类型烟草种质的烟碱含量变化规律与相关基因的表达情况,以烤烟K326、香料烟巴斯玛、白肋烟TN90、晾烟马里兰为材料,采用荧光定量PCR技术,测定了烟草不同生育时期上部叶、中部叶、下部叶的烟碱含量与烟碱代谢过程中相关基因PMT、QPT、CYP82E5V2、A622的表达水平。结果表明,随着生育期的推进,烟碱含量缓慢上升,打顶后急剧增加,除巴斯玛打顶后还继续上升外,K326、TN90和马里兰烟均表现为:打顶后烟碱含量急剧增加,后缓慢下降,再渐趋平稳。不同类型烟草种质的PMT在不同生育期均有表达,苗期PMT表达量较高,其变化趋势与烟碱含量的基本一致;QPT在烟草发育前期表达量较高,而后下降,至打顶前1周表达量出现一个峰值,打顶后表达量持续增加,与烟碱含量变化呈正相关;CYP82E5V2表达量在不同生育时期均维持在较高水平,呈波浪型,生长旺期时表达量上升,打顶前后均出现峰值,但巴斯玛成熟期时其表达量下降,打顶前CYP82E5V2表达量与烟碱含量变化呈正相关,打顶后期至成熟期两者呈一定程度的负相关;K326和马里兰烟的A622表达量呈波浪型上升,至成熟时仍维持较高水平,而TN90和巴斯玛在打顶前后1周表达量较高,后表达下降再上升,成熟时表达量较低,与烟碱含量变化无明显一致性。     

温度对拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统微生物群落结构的影响

为探究温度对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)循环养殖水体中微生物群落的影响,深入理解环境因子与养殖水体微生物群落之间的相关性。在水温分别为18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃和32℃的循环养殖系统中进行拟穴青蟹养殖,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对不同温度下的养殖水体微生物群落组成进行分析。结果表明:(1) Alpha多样性指数显示5组水样中细菌群落多样性指数大小为t26t22t30t32t18,物种丰度大小为t22t26t32t30t18。温度可以导致养殖水体中微生物群落多样性发生变化,但并未发现二者之间直接的相关性。(2) 5种温度下的养殖系统中细菌群落共有31门、43纲、94目、185科和351属,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为循环养殖水体中绝对优势菌门。在养殖系统水温为26℃时,养殖水体中氮磷污染物含量相对较高,其水中脱氮除磷菌属的相对丰度也显著高于其他4组。(3)由花瓣图和UPGMA聚类分析图进行相似性分析可知,水体微生物群落对温度的变化有着良好的响应, 5组水样的细菌群落结构总体相似性较低,其中最高温度32℃和最低温度18℃的水体中细菌群落结构最为相似。(4)水体中微生物群落结构和与环境因子的相关性分析显示,氮磷营养盐中的总磷(TP)和硝酸盐(NO3–-N)对水中微生物群落特征具有显著性影响,而温度是导致养殖水体中氮磷营养盐差异化的主要原因。上述研究结果初步解释了温度对拟穴青蟹循环养殖水微生物群落的作用机制,为下一步深入研究拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统中环境变化与微生物的相互关系提供参考。     

鸡细菌性腹泻防治

我国从古至今都是农业大国,在经济体制改革的推动下,我国工业发展迅猛的情况下,农业依旧是我国的产业支柱,对促进我国经济发展有极大帮助。养殖业是农业的重要部分,而养殖业中,鸡养殖有占据极大比例,且其规模也在不断扩大。近年,鸡的一些疾病发病率逐渐增加,其中细菌性腹泻是常见的1种,会影响鸡群身体健康与生长发育,甚至会导致其死亡,危害极大,给养殖户乃至养殖产业造成极大的经济损失,做好鸡细菌性腹泻预防与治疗工作尤为重要。该文对鸡细菌性腹泻的特点进行探讨,并提出一些防治措施。